【题目】 In 1968 Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson set an intelligence test for a class of primary school children at "Oak School" (an invented name) in San Francisco. The teachers were told that the intelligence test bad two purposes. Firstly, it would measure the IQ of the children and secondly it would predict 20% of students who, no matter what their performance to date was like, would be likely to make the most progress during the next school year. The teachers were then told who the predicted top improvers would be.
At the end of the school year, eight months later, the intelligence test was carried out again and, perhaps not surprisingly, the results showed that the 20% of children who had been predicted to improve the most, did in fact do so. They showed, on average, an increase of 12 IQ points on the test, compared with an increase of only 8 points for the other children.
But the fact is that no results of any test were used to predict who would be the top performers. Instead, the lucky children who the teachers were told would be the top improvers were given this label as a matter of chance. This study shows that the label that you are given, and your interaction(互动) with others who notice that label, can have a big influence on the results that you achieve. This phenomenon(现象)has been called the Rosenthal effect. It is also known as the Pygmalion effect, related most famously to the George Bernard Show play Pygmalion , which shows the effect that two men have in changing an untidy flower girl into a well-spoken lady.
For ethical (道德的)reasons the researchers at "Oak School!" only concentrated on trying to produce positive results in the children's performance. However, it is worth asking yourself what the effects on 20% of students considered least likely to improve in the following school year might have been. A frightening thought.
【1】What did the study find about the predicted top performers at the end of the school year?
A.They showed more interest in tests.B.They really made the most progress.
C.They became less confident than before.D.They were as intelligent as the other children.
【2】How were the top performers chosen?
A.According to the teachers' judgement.B.Based on the test results.
C.By chance.D.Openly.
【3】What can we infer about the 20% of students mentioned in the last paragraph?
A.They might be willing to accept positive results.
B.They would likely have frightening thoughts.
C.They would likely make the least progress.
D.They might work much harder than before.
【4】What is the text mainly about?
A.The Rosenthal effectB.A play by Bernard Shaw.
C.A school in San Francisco.D.The labels given to children.
在线课程【答案】
【1】B
【2】C
【3】C
【4】A
【解析】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了赏识教育的理论基础——罗森塔尔效应。
【1】细节理解题。由第二段中的At the end of the school year ... the results showed that the 20% of children who had been predicted to improve the most, did in fact do so可知，那个学年结束之后，研究发现那20%的孩子确实取得了最大的进步，和预测的一样。故选B。
【2】细节理解题。由第三段中的the top improvers were given this label as a matter of chance可知，这些研究者随机选择了那些被说成是进步最大的学生。故选C。
【3】推理判断题。根据全文，特别是最后一段首句和末句可推断，如果把这种赏识效应反其道用之：预言20%的学生取得进步的可能性最小，那么这种预言所带来的后果让人细思极恐。故选C。
【4】主旨大意题。本文第一、二段介绍了实验的过程，第三、四段解释了实验的真相和效果，最后一段是作者对这一实验的反思。全文围绕罗森塔尔效应这一主旨展开。故选A。