【中文词条】伊斯兰历法
【外文词条】islamiccalendar
中世纪伊斯兰教国家所使用的历法﹐其中有两种历法最为有名﹐并且一直沿用直至如今。一种是以黑蚩拉(hijra)为纪元的回历﹔另一种是以伊嗣侯(yazdegerd)为纪元的波斯历。
回历为太阴历﹐黑蚩拉的意义是迁移﹐穆罕默德从麦加迁移到麦地那﹐选择了与太阴历的朔日相合的一天定为回历纪元﹐所以回历又叫穆罕默德历。穆斯林又称回历纪元为至圣迁都元年。回历元年1月1日相当儒略历公元622年7月16日。回历一年为日﹐分十二个月﹐大月三十日﹐小月二十九日﹐十二个月名是﹕
一月大穆哈兰姆(muharram)30天
二月小色法尔(saphar)29天
三月大赖比儿·敖外鲁(rabia-al-awwel)30天
四月小赖比儿·阿赫尔(rabia-al-accher)29天
五月大主马达·敖外鲁(jomada-al-awwel)30天
六月小主马达·阿赫尔(jomada-al-accher)29天
七月大赖哲卜(rajab)30天
八月小舍尔邦(shaaban)29天
九月大赖买丹(ramadan)30天
十月小闪瓦鲁(shawwal)29天
十一月大都尔喀尔得(dulkaada)30天
十二月小都尔黑哲(dulheggia)29天
平年354日﹐闰年于第十二月末加一日为355日。凡30年有11闰。
回历推七曜法﹕设a为回历纪元年数﹐
a=a-1﹐a=10a+b﹐m=月系数﹐d=日次﹐月系数表如下
﹐
右下角q表示取括弧内商数的整数部分。则
p+m+d-2-2(a-2b)≡w(mod7)﹐
上式意思是﹕用7去除其左边的总和﹐得余数w﹐w为七曜名。
七曜表如下﹕
波斯历为太阳历﹐伊嗣侯指波斯王伊嗣侯三世﹐他登王位之年(632年)改历﹐故历元从这年起。波斯历伊嗣侯纪元元年1月1日相当公元632年6月16日。公元840年左右的花拉子模所撰的历数书(al-khwrizmi'szij)卷首记录了波斯历。其中写道:“问﹕为什么说从阿拉伯历(按即回历)年月日化为波斯历时﹐即以所属月份加30或29天连同已过年的日数﹐减去3﹐624﹐除以365而得﹖答﹕历中所用波斯纪年﹐是从伊嗣侯王(三世)登位时开始﹐它同回嗖?﹐624天﹐所以你从回历累计日数减去这数﹐所余的数即是从波斯历纪年开始的日数。波斯历以一年为365天﹐故除365﹐余数是波斯纪年日数﹐商数是波斯纪年的年数。问﹕为什么说﹐当你要知道波斯各年一月月首七曜﹐以波斯历伊嗣侯纪年已过年数﹐加三﹐满七除之﹐即得年首为何曜﹖答﹕理由是波斯纪年的第一年元旦是火曜日﹐从日曜日算起到这天凡三天﹐所以要加三。又每年为365天﹐满七除之﹐余一天﹐所以即以三加所过年数﹐满七除之﹐命日曜日算上﹐即得一月月首的曜日。问﹕为什么说﹐假如你要知道任何月月首七曜﹐即把年首七曜加二即得﹐但第八鲁猢t答﹕理由是波斯纪年各月都是30天﹐以七除之余二﹐第八月35天﹐七除适尽﹐故除外﹐”(据theal-muthann'scommentaryontheastronomicaltablesofal-khwrizmi﹐bernardr.goldstein译本﹐1967。)
波斯历十二个月的名称如下﹐其中波斯文的译名据贝琳《七政推步》。按《七政推步》纪元用回历﹐但月名用波斯名。
婆罗钵文(pahlavi)波斯文
一月法伐第诺法而斡而丁
(fravardino)(farwardin)
二月阿达伐希阿而的必喜世
(ardavahist)(ardibihischt)
三月荷伐达特虎而达
(horvadad)(churdd)
四月尔提尔
(tr)(tr)
五月阿姆洛达特木而达
(amerdad)(murdd)
六月沙脱伐洛沙合列斡而
(shatvair)(schahriwr)
七月密脱洛列黑而
(mitr)(mihr)
八月阿凡阿班
(vn)(bn)
九月阿脱洛阿咱而
(ter)(dhr)
十月台诺答亦
(dn)(dei)
十一月缚呵曼八哈慢
(vohman)(bahman)]
十二月斯班达马特亦思番达而麻的
(spendarmad)(isfandarmadh)
波斯历的每日日名也有专名﹐其中1月19日﹑2月3日﹑3月6日﹑4月13日﹑5月7日﹑6月4日﹑7月16日﹑8月10日﹑9月9日﹑10月24日﹑11月2日﹑12月5日则是以月名作为日名﹐即日月同名。在伊嗣侯纪元375年即公元1006年时﹐曾把每年多余的五天放在十二月末。
波斯历推七曜法﹕设a为波斯历伊嗣侯纪元年数﹐a=a-1﹐m=月系数﹐d=日次﹐则
a+m+d+2≡w(mod7)﹐
w为七曜名。
themuslimerabeganin622withthehijrah,oremigration.muhammadandhissmallbandoffollowersleftmakkahandtraveledtomedinah.thiseventwasadoptedasthebeginningofthemuslimerainthecaliphateof'umaribnal-khattab,thesecondcaliphaftermuhammad.themuslimcalendarislunar,itsmonthsbeingdeterminedbythepositionsofthemoon.eachyearconsistsoftwelvemonths,eachmonthbeing29or30daysinlengthdependingonthepositionofthemoon.
itisconsideredadivinecommandtousea(hijra)calendarwith12(purely)lunarmonthswithoutintercalation,asevidentfromthefollowingversesoftheholyquran(translation:a.yusufali)
al-quran,chapter2al-baqara,verse189

inthenameofallah,thebenevolent,themerciful
theyasktheeconcerningthenewmoons,say:theyarebutsignstomarkfixedperiodsoftimein(theaffairsof)menandforpilgrimage.

theislamicyearhastwelvemonthsthatarebasedonalunarcycle.allahsaysinthequran:
al-quran,chapter9at-tauba,verse36

inthenameofallah,thebenevolent,themerciful
thenumberofmonthsinthesightofallahistwelve(inayear)soordainedbyhimthedayhecreatedtheheavensandtheearth;ofthemfouraresacred;thatisthestraightusage.sowrongnotyourselvesthereinandfightthepagansalltogetherastheyfightyoualltogether.butknowthatallahiswiththosewhorestrainthemselves.

~~~~~~~~
al-quran,chapter10yunus,verse5

inthenameofallah,thebenevolent,themerciful
"itishewhomadethesuntobeashiningglory,andthemoontobealightofbeauty,andmeasuredoutstagesforit,thatyoumightknowthenumberofyearsandthecountoftime.allahdidnotcreatethisexceptintruthandrighteousness.andheexplainshissignsindetail,forthosewhounderstand"

inhisfinalsermonbeforehisdeath,theprophetmuhammadsaid,amongotherthings,"withallahthemonthsaretwelve;fourofthemareholy;threeofthesearesuccessiveandoneoccurssinglybetweenthemonthsofjumaadaandsha'ban."
islamicmonthsbeginatsunset,onthedaywhenthelunarcrescentisvisuallysighted.thelunaryearisapproximately354dayslong,sothemonthsrotatebackwardthroughtheseasonsandarenotfixedtothegregoriancalendar.themonthsoftheislamicyearare:
theislamiccalendarisnamedhijricalendarandisalunarcalendar.itcontains12monthsthatarebasedonthemotionofthemoon,andbecause12lunarmonthsis12x29.53=354.36days,theislamiccalendarisconsistentlyshorter(11days)thanasolaryear,andthereforeitshiftswithrespecttothegregoriancalendar.
theislamiccalendaristheofficialcalendarincountriesinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica,especiallysaudiarabia.butothermuslimcountriesusethegregoriancalendarforcivilpurposesandturntotheislamiccalendarforreligiouspurposes.
whichmonthsarethereinanislamicyear?
1.muharram7.rajab
2.safar8.sha'ban
3.rabi'al-awwal9.ramadan
4.rabi'al-thani10.shawwal
5.jumadaal-awwal11.dhual-qi'dah
6.jumadaal-thani12.dhual-hijjah
whatarethedayscalledinanislamicweek?
السَّبْتas-sabt-torestالأحَدal-ahad-dayonefromthearabic'one'-wahidالإثْنَيْنal-'ithnayn-daytwofromthearabic'two'-ithnayn
الثُّلاثَاءath-thulatha-daythreefromthearabic'three'-thalathaالأرْبِعَاءal-'arba'aa-dayfourfromthearabic'four'-arba'aaالْخَمِيسal-khamees-dayfivefromthearabic'five'-khamsah
الْجُمْعَةal-jum'ah-dayofgathering
currentislamicmonth
datesinbluearefromthegregoriancalendarandtheonesinredarehijri(islamic)dates.
currentmoonphase(live)
currentmoonmoonphase
howanislamicmonthdevelops
eachmonthstartswhenthelunarcrescentisfirstseenafteranewmoon.
althoughnewmoonsmaybecalculatedquiteprecisely,theactualvisibilityofthecrescentisdifficulttopredict.itdependsonfactorssuchasweather,theopticalpropertiesoftheatmosphere,andthelocationoftheobserver.thereforeinsomecasesitmaybedifficulttogiveaccurateinformationinadvanceaboutwhenanewmonthwillstart.
furthermore,insomeareasmuslimsdependonalocalsightingofthemoon,whereasinotherareasauniversalsightingisaccepted.(i.e.ifanewcrescentisseenanywhereintheworlditisacceptedforcommunitiestheworldover).botharevalidislamicpractices,buttheymayleadtodifferentstartingdaysforthemonths.
howcanwecalculatetheislamicera?
yearsarecountedsincethehijra,thatis,prophetmohammed'smigrationtomedina,whichisassumedtohavetakenplace16julyc.e.622(juliancalendar).onthatdateah1started(ah=annohegirae=yearofthehijra).
importantislamicdates
importancedate
hajj-pilgrimagetomecca1stzul-hijjah
eid-ul-adha-feastofsacrifice10th-zul-hijjah
hijri-islamicnewyear1stmuharram
a'ashoora-martyrdomofimamhussein-grandsonofprophetmohammed10thmuharram
birthdateofprophetmohammed12thrabi-al-awwal
isra'a&mir'aj-prophetmohammedascensiontoheaven.27thrajab
ramadan-firstdayoffasting1stramadan
lailatulqadr-nightofpowerwhenqur'anwasrevealed.foundinoneofthefollowingnights:23rd,25th,27thor29thoframadan
eid-ul-fitr-endoframadancelebration1stshawwal